Características de la infección por Clostridium difficile en una institución de alta complejidad y reporte de la circulación en Colombia de la cepa hipervirulenta NAP1/027 / Characteristics of Clostridium difficile infection in a high complexity hospital and report of the circulation of the NAP1/027 hypervirulent strain in Colombia

Resumen Introducción. Clostridium difficile es el principal responsable de la diarrea asociada al uso de antibióticos. En Colombia y en Latinoamérica, el conocimiento sobre el comportamiento epidemiológico de la infección por C. difficile todavía es limitado. Objetivo. Describir las características de una serie de pacientes con infección por C.difficile . Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos de pacientes con infección por C. difficile atendidos en la Fundación Clínica Shaio, entre enero de 2012 y noviembre de 2015. Resultados. Se estudiaron 36 pacientes con una edad promedio de 65 años. Se determinaron los siguientes factores relacionados con la infección por C. difficile: uso previo de antimicrobianos (94,4 %), hospitalización en los últimos tres meses (66,7 %) y uso de inhibidores de la bomba de protones (50 %). Las comorbilidades más comunes fueron la enfermedad renal crónica (41,7 %) y la diabetes mellitus (30,6 %). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron más de tres deposiciones diarreicas (97,1 %) y dolor abdominal (42,9 %). En cuanto a la gravedad de los casos, 44,4 % se clasificó como leve a moderado, 38,9 % como grave, y 11,1 % como complicado o grave. El método de diagnóstico más utilizado (63,8% de los pacientes) fue la identificación de la toxina mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). La mortalidad global durante la hospitalización fue de 8 %. Se identificaron cuatro cepas del serotipo NAP1/027 y nueve muestras fueron positivas para la toxina binaria. Conclusión. La infección por C. difficile debe sospecharse en pacientes con deposiciones diarreicas y factores asociados tradicionalmente a esta enfermedad. Se reportó la circulación de cepas hipervirulentas del serotipo NAP1/027 en Colombia, lo cual debe enfrentarse con la vigilancia epidemiológica y el diagnóstico temprano.

Abstract Introduction: Clostridium difficile is the main pathogen related to healthcare-associated diarrhea and it is the cause of 20 to 30% of diarrhea cases caused by antibiotics. In Colombia and Latin America, the knowledge about the epidemiological behavior of this infection is limited. Objective: To describe the characteristics of a series of patients with C. difficile infection. Materials and methods: We performed a descriptive case series study of patients with C. difficile infection hospitalized in the Fundación Clínica Shaio from January, 2012, to November, 2015. Results: We analyzed 36 patients. The average age was 65 years. The risk factors associated with the infection were: previous use of antibiotics (94.4%), prior hospitalization in the last three months (66.7%) and use of proton pump inhibitors (50%). The most common comorbidities were chronic kidney disease (41.7%) and diabetes mellitus (30.6%). The most frequent symptoms were more than three loose stools per day (97.1%) and abdominal pain (42.9%). According to the severity of the disease, 44.4% of cases were classified as mild to moderate, 38.9% as severe, and 11.1% as complicated or severe. The detection of the toxin by PCR (GeneXpert) was the most common diagnostic procedure (63.8%). Global mortality during hospitalization was 8%. We identified four strains with serotype NAP1/027 and nine samples positive for binary toxin. Conclusion: Clostridium difficile infection should be suspected in patients with diarrhea and traditional risk factors associated with this disease. We report the circulation of the hypervirulent strain serotype NAP1/027 in Colombia, which should be countered with epidemiological surveillance and a prompt diagnosis.

[Characteristics of Clostridium difficile infection in a high complexity hospital and report of the circulation of the NAP1/027 hypervirulent strain in Colombia].

INTRODUCTION: Clostridium difficile is the main pathogen related to healthcare-associated diarrhea and it is the cause of 20 to 30% of diarrhea cases caused by antibiotics. In Colombia and Latin America, the knowledge about the epidemiological behavior of this infection is limited. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of a series of patients with C. difficile infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive case series study of patients with C. difficile infection hospitalized in the Fundación Clínica Shaio from January, 2012, to November, 2015. RESULTS: We analyzed 36 patients. The average age was 65 years. The risk factors associated with the infection were: previous use of antibiotics (94.4%), prior hospitalization in the last three months (66.7%) and use of proton pump inhibitors (50%). The most common comorbidities were chronic kidney disease (41.7%) and diabetes mellitus (30.6%). The most frequent symptoms were more than three loose stools per day (97.1%) and abdominal pain (42.9%). According to the severity of the disease, 44.4% of cases were classified as mild to moderate, 38.9% as severe, and 11.1% as complicated or severe. The detection of the toxin by PCR (GeneXpert) was the most common diagnostic procedure (63.8%). Global mortality during hospitalization was 8%. We identified four strains with serotype NAP1/027 and nine samples positive for binary toxin. CONCLUSION: Clostridium difficile infection should be suspected in patients with diarrhea and traditional risk factors associated with this disease. We report the circulation of the hypervirulent strain serotype NAP1/027 in Colombia, which should be countered with epidemiological surveillance and a prompt diagnosis.

Tricobezoar. reporte de caso / Tricobezoar - case report / Trichobezoar - estudo do caso

El Tricobezoar es la acumulación de pelo en el tracto gastrointestinal generalmente asociado a trastornos psiquiátricos que conlleva a sintomatología obstructiva, deficiencias metabólicas y puede llevar a perforación intestinal, pancreatitis, intususcepción y colangitis. Caso: Paciente femenina de 11 años con cuadro clínico de 1 semana de evolución de dolor abdominal en epigastrio asociado a ausencia de deposiciones y antecedente de cuadro similar hace 2 semanas que resolvió con enema oral, se documentó Tricobezoar de 13 x 5 cm que generaba gran distensión en asas intestinales que fue removido por laparotomía con éxito. Conclusiones: Es una patología poco común asociada a un trastorno psicológico, que debe ser manejada quirúrgicamente en pro de prevenir complicaciones e incluye un tratamiento conjunto con psiquiatría y psicología para evitar recurrencias.

The Trichobezoar is the accumulation of hair on the gastrointestinal tract associated with psychiatric disorders generally leading to obstructive symptoms, metabolic deficiencies and, in some cases, intestinal perforation, pancreatitis, cholangitis or intussusception. Case: 11 years old female patient with clinical symptoms of 1 week duration of epigastric abdominal pain associated with bowel movements, patient referred history of similar symptoms two weeks ago that resolved with oral enema, tomography revealed a Trichobezoar 13 x 5 cm generating large strained bowel loops which was successfully removed by laparotomy. Conclusions: Trichobezoar is a rare entity associated with a psychological disorder that needs to be handled surgically towards preventing complications and includes a set psychiatric and psychological treatment to prevent recurrences

Trichobezoar é o acúmulo de pêlos no trato gastrointestinal associado com transtornos psiquiátricos geralmente levando a sintomas obstrutivos, deficiências metabólicas e, em alguns casos, perfuração intestinal, pancreatite, colangite ou intussuscepção. Caso: Paciente do sexo feminino com 11 anos de idade com sintomas clínicos de 1 semana de duração da dor abdominal epigástrica associada a movimentos intestinais, paciente relatou história de sintomas semelhantes há duas semanas que resolveram com enema oral, a tomografia revelou um tricobezoar de 13 x 5 cm, foi removido com sucesso por laparotomia. Conclusões: Trichobezoar é uma entidade rara associada a um transtorno psicológico que precisa ser tratado cirurgicamente para prevenir complicações e inclui um conjunto de tratamento psiquiátrico e psicológico para prevenir recorrências